By the late 1990s, HIV was an unprecedented international health and development crisis. Since then, however, with intensive global and national eforts, the rates of new infections and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths have declined dramatically. About 1 million people died from AIDS-related causes in 2016, compared with almost 2 million in 2005; there were 2.1 million new infections in 2016, compared with 5.4 million in 1999. Undernutrition has important clinical and economic repercussions for HIV, and USAID, at the forefront of global eforts to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable populations, met the relevant challenges of this new disease.